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American political activist

Angela Davis
Davis in 2014
Born	Angela Yvonne Davis (1944-01-26) January 26, 1944 (age 78) Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Occupation	Activist scholar
Political political party	Communist Party USA (1969–1991) Committees of Correspondence for Commonwealth and Socialism (since 1991)
Spouse(s)	Hilton Braithwaite ​ ​ (k. 1980; div. 1983)​ [1] [2]
Awards	Lenin Peace Prize
Bookish groundwork
Pedagogy	Brandeis University (BA) University of California, San Diego (MA) Humboldt Academy (PhD)
Doctoral advisor	Herbert Marcuse
Academic work
Discipline	Ethnic studies philosophy women'due south studies
Institutions	San Francisco Land University University of California, Santa Cruz

Angela Yvonne Davis (born Jan 26, 1944) is an American political activist, philosopher, academic, scholar, and writer. She is a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A Marxist, Davis was a longtime member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and is a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). She is the author of over ten books on class, feminism, race, and the US prison system.

Born to an African-American family unit in Birmingham, Alabama, Davis studied French at Brandeis Academy and philosophy at the University of Frankfurt in West Germany. Studying nether the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, a prominent figure in the Frankfurt Schoolhouse, Davis became increasingly engaged in far-left politics. Returning to the United States, she studied at the University of California, San Diego, before moving to East Germany, where she completed a doctorate at the Humboldt University of Berlin. After returning to the United States, she joined the Communist Political party and became involved in numerous causes, including the second-wave feminist motility and the entrada against the Vietnam War. In 1969, she was hired as an interim assistant professor of philosophy at the Academy of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). UCLA'south governing Board of Regents soon fired her due to her Communist Party membership; afterward a court ruled this illegal, the university fired her again, this time for her apply of inflammatory language.

In 1970, guns belonging to Davis were used in an armed takeover of a courtroom in Marin Canton, California, in which 4 people were killed. Prosecuted for iii capital felonies, including conspiracy to murder, she was held in jail for over a year before existence acquitted of all charges in 1972. She visited Eastern Bloc countries in the 1970s and, during the 1980s, was twice the Communist Party's candidate for vice president; at the time, she likewise held the position of professor of ethnic studies at San Francisco State University. Much of her work focused on the abolition of prisons and in 1997, she co-founded Critical Resistance, an arrangement working to abolish the prison–industrial complex. In 1991, amongst the dissolution of the Soviet Marriage, she was role of a faction in the Communist Party that broke away to institute the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Also in 1991, she joined the feminist studies department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she became department manager before retiring in 2008. Since then she has continued to write and remained agile in movements such as Occupy and the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign.

Davis has received diverse awards, including the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. Accused of supporting political violence, she has sustained criticism from the highest levels of the Us government. She has also been criticized for supporting the Soviet Union and its satellites.^[three] Davis has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[4] In 2020, she was listed every bit the 1971 "Woman of the Year" in Fourth dimension magazine's "100 Women of the Year" edition, which selected iconic women over the 100 years since women's suffrage in the Usa from 1920.^[5] In 2020, she was included on Time 's listing of the 100 most influential people in the world.^{[half dozen]}

Early life [edit]

Angela Davis was born on January 26, 1944,^[7] in Birmingham, Alabama. Her family lived in the "Dynamite Loma" neighborhood, which was marked in the 1950s by the bombings of houses in an try to intimidate and drive out middle-class black people who had moved in that location. Davis occasionally spent time on her uncle's farm and with friends in New York Metropolis.^[eight] Her siblings include two brothers, Ben and Reginald, and a sis, Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[9]

Davis attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, and afterward, Parker Annex, a centre-schoolhouse branch of Parker Loftier Schoolhouse in Birmingham. During this time, Davis's mother, Sallye Bell Davis, was a national officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, an arrangement influenced past the Communist Party aimed at edifice alliances amongst African Americans in the S. Davis grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers, who significantly influenced her intellectual development.^[10]

Davis equally a ten-yr-old Girl Scout in Birmingham, Alabama, the place from which, she says, "my political involvement stems"

Davis was involved in her church youth group every bit a child, and attended Lord's day school regularly. She attributes much of her political involvement to her involvement with the Daughter Scouts of the Usa of America. She also participated in the Daughter Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. Every bit a Girl Watch, she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham.^[11]

By her junior year of high schoolhouse, Davis had been accustomed by an American Friends Service Commission (Quaker) program that placed black students from the Due south in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High Schoolhouse in Greenwich Village. There she was recruited by a communist youth grouping, Advance.^[12]

Instruction [edit]

Brandeis University [edit]

Davis was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where she was 1 of three black students in her class. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crunch and became his educatee. In a 2007 television interview, Davis said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary."^[13] She worked office-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland and attended the 8th World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki. She returned dwelling house in 1963 to a Federal Bureau of Investigation interview about her omnipresence at the communist-sponsored festival.^[14]

During her second yr at Brandeis, Davis decided to major in French and continued her intensive study of philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre. She was accepted past the Hamilton College Junior Year in French republic Programme. Classes were initially at Biarritz and later at the Sorbonne. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan, in which four black girls were killed. She grieved deeply as she was personally acquainted with the victims.^[14]

While completing her degree in French, Davis realized that her master surface area of interest was philosophy. She was especially interested in Marcuse'southward ideas. On returning to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. She wrote in her autobiography that Marcuse was approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate piece of work in philosophy. In 1965, she graduated magna cum laude, a member of Phi Beta Kappa.^[14]

Academy of Frankfurt [edit]

As a student at the Establish of Social Research at Goethe Academy in Frankfurt, Germany. Davis studied the work of philosophers Kant, Hegel, and Adorno.

In Germany, with a monthly stipend of $100, she lived outset with a German language family and subsequently with a group of students in a loft in an old factory. After visiting East Berlin during the annual May Twenty-four hour period commemoration, she felt that the Due east German language regime was dealing better with the rest effects of fascism than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical Socialist German Pupil Union (SDS), and Davis participated in some SDS deportment. Events in the United States, including the formation of the Black Panther Party and the transformation of Student Nonviolent Analogous Committee (SNCC) to an all-black organization, drew her involvement upon her return.^[14]

Postgraduate work [edit]

Marcuse had moved to a position at the Academy of California, San Diego, and Davis followed him there later on her two years in Frankfurt.^[14] Davis traveled to London to attend a briefing on "The Dialectics of Liberation". The black contingent at the briefing included the Trinidadian-American Stokely Carmichael and the British Michael Ten. Although moved past Carmichael's rhetoric, Davis was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' black nationalist sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing".^[15]

She joined the Che-Lumumba Club, an all-blackness branch of the Communist Party U.s. named for revolutionaries Che Guevara and Patrice Lumumba, of Cuba and Congo, respectively.^[16]

Davis earned a master'south degree from the University of California, San Diego, in 1968.^[17] She earned a doctorate in philosophy at the Humboldt University in East Berlin.^[18]

Professor at University of California, Los Angeles, 1969–70 [edit]

Beginning in 1969, Davis was an acting assistant professor in the philosophy section at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Although both Princeton and Swarthmore had tried to recruit her, she opted for UCLA because of its urban location.^[nineteen] At that time she was known as a radical feminist and activist, a member of the Communist Political party USA, and an affiliate of the Los Angeles affiliate of the Black Panther Party.^{[20] [21]}

In 1969, the University of California initiated a policy against hiring Communists.^[22] At their September 19, 1969, meeting, the Board of Regents fired Davis from her $10,000-a-year postal service because of her membership in the Communist Political party,^[23] urged on by California Governor Ronald Reagan.^[24] Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could non burn Davis solely considering of her affiliation with the Communist Party, and she resumed her post.^{[23] [25]} The Regents fired Davis once again on June 20, 1970, for the "inflammatory language" she had used in four different speeches. The report stated, "We deem particularly offensive such utterances as her statement that the regents 'killed, brutalized (and) murdered' the People'south Park demonstrators, and her repeated characterizations of the police as 'pigs'".^{[26] [27] [28]} The American Association of Academy Professors censured the board for this action.^[25]

Abort and trial [edit]

Davis was a supporter of the Soledad Brothers, three inmates who were defendant and charged with the killing of a prison guard at Soledad Prison.^[29]

On August 7, 1970, heavily armed 17-year-one-time African-American high-schoolhouse pupil Jonathan Jackson, whose brother was George Jackson, ane of the three Soledad Brothers, gained control of a courtroom in Marin County, California. He armed the black defendants and took Approximate Harold Haley, the prosecutor, and 3 female jurors as hostages.^{[thirty] [31]} Equally Jackson transported the hostages and two black defendants away from the court, 1 of the defendants, James McClain, shot at the police. The police returned fire. The judge and the three blackness men were killed in the melee; 1 of the jurors and the prosecutor were injured. Although the approximate was shot in the head with a blast from a shotgun, he also suffered a chest wound from a bullet that may have been fired from outside the van. Evidence during the trial showed that either could accept been fatal.^[32] Davis had purchased several of the firearms Jackson used in the attack,^[33] including the shotgun used to shoot Haley, which she bought at a San Francisco pawn store two days before the incident.^{[31] [34]} She was also institute to have been corresponding with one of the inmates involved.^[35]

Equally California considers "all persons concerned in the committee of a crime, ... whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or assist and abet in its commission, ... are principals in any law-breaking and then committed", Davis was charged with "aggravated kidnapping and kickoff degree murder in the death of Estimate Harold Haley", and Marin County Superior Court Judge Peter Allen Smith issued a warrant for her abort. Hours later on the guess issued the warrant on August xiv, 1970, a massive effort to notice and arrest Davis began. On August 18, four days after the warrant was issued, the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover listed Davis on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List; she was the tertiary woman and the 309th person to be listed.^{[xxx] [36]}

Davis wanted by the FBI on a federal warrant issued August 15, 1970, for kidnapping and murder.

Soon after, Davis became a avoiding and fled California. Co-ordinate to her autobiography, during this time she hid in friends' homes and moved at night. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents institute her at a Howard Johnson Motor Society in New York City.^[37] President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist Angela Davis."^[38]

On January five, 1971, Davis appeared at Marin Canton Superior Court and alleged her innocence earlier the court and nation: "I now declare publicly before the court, earlier the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which accept been leveled confronting me past the country of California." John Abt, general counsel of the Communist Party USA, was one of the beginning attorneys to stand for Davis for her alleged interest in the shootings.^[39]

While beingness held in the Women'due south Detention Middle, Davis was initially segregated from other prisoners, in solitary confinement. With the help of her legal squad, she obtained a federal court order to get out of the segregated expanse.^[40]

1971 poster by Rupert García urging liberty for political prisoners and depicting Angela Davis

Across the nation, thousands of people began organizing a move to gain her release. In New York City, black writers formed a committee chosen the Black People in Defense of Angela Davis. By February 1971 more than 200 local committees in the U.s., and 67 in strange countries, worked to gratuitous Davis from jail. John Lennon and Yoko Ono contributed to this entrada with the vocal "Angela".^[41] In 1972, after a sixteen-month incarceration, the state allowed her release on bail from county jail.^[30] On February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, a dairy farmer from Fresno, California, paid her $100,000 bond with the help of Steve Sparacino, a wealthy business concern owner. The United Presbyterian Church paid some of her legal defense force expenses.^{[30] [42]}

A defense motion for a change of venue was granted, and the trial was moved to Santa Clara Canton. On June 4, 1972, later 13 hours of deliberations,^[32] the all-white jury returned a verdict of not guilty.^[43] The fact that she endemic the guns used in the crime was judged insufficient to establish her role in the plot. She was represented by Leo Branton Jr., who hired psychologists to help the defense determine who in the jury pool might favor their arguments, a technique that has since become more mutual. He also hired experts to discredit the reliability of eyewitness accounts.^[44]

Other activities in the 1970s [edit]

Cuba [edit]

Later on her acquittal, Davis went on an international speaking tour in 1972 and the tour included Cuba, where she had previously been received by Fidel Castro in 1969 as a member of a Communist Party delegation.^[45] Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael had too visited Republic of cuba, and Assata Shakur later moved there afterwards escaping from a US prison. Her reception by Afro-Cubans at a mass rally was and so enthusiastic that she was reportedly barely able to speak.^[46] Davis perceived Cuba every bit a racism-free country, which led her to believe that "only under socialism could the fight against racism be successfully executed." When she returned to the United States, her socialist leanings increasingly influenced her understanding of race struggles.^[47] In 1974, she attended the 2d Congress of the Federation of Cuban Women.^[45]

Soviet Wedlock [edit]

In 1971, the CIA estimated that five percent of Soviet propaganda efforts were directed towards the Angela Davis campaign.^[48] In August 1972, Davis visited the USSR at the invitation of the Central Commission, and received an honorary doctorate from Moscow Country University.^[49]

On May i, 1979, she was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.^[50] She visited Moscow later that calendar month to have the prize, where she praised "the glorious name" of Lenin and the "neat October Revolution".^[51]

East Germany [edit]

The East German government organized an all-encompassing campaign on behalf of Davis.^[52] In September 1972, Davis visited East Germany, where she met the state's leader Erich Honecker, received an honorary caste from the University of Leipzig and the Star of People's Friendship from Walter Ulbricht. On September eleven in East Berlin she delivered a oral communication, "Not Only My Victory", praising the GDR and USSR and denouncing American racism, and visited the Berlin Wall, where she laid flowers at the memorial for Reinhold Huhn (an East German guard who had been killed past a man who was trying to escape with his family unit across the border in 1962). Davis said "We mourn the deaths of the border guards who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their socialist homeland" and "When we return to the Usa, we shall undertake to tell our people the truth nigh the true function of this border."^{[53] [54] [55] [56]} In 1973, she returned to East Berlin leading the U.s.a. delegation to the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students.^[57]

Jonestown and Peoples Temple [edit]

In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult Peoples Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks of the American Indian Move and Davis.^[58] On September 10, 1977, 14 months before the Temple's mass murder-suicide, Davis spoke via amateur radio telephone "patch" to members of his Peoples Temple living in Jonestown in Republic of guyana.^{[59] [60]} In her statement during the "Six Mean solar day Siege", she expressed support for the People'south Temple anti-racism efforts and told members at that place was a conspiracy against them. She said, "When you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we experience that it is straight an assault against us as well."^[61]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and political prisoners in socialist countries [edit]

In 1975, Russian dissident and Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn argued in a speech before an AFL-CIO coming together in New York Urban center that Davis was derelict in having failed to back up prisoners in various socialist countries around the earth, given her strong opposition to the US prison system. He said a group of Czech prisoners had appealed to Davis for support, which Solzhenitsyn said she had declined.^[62] In 1972, Jiří Pelikán had written an open up letter request her to support Czech prisoners,^[63] which Davis had refused, believing that the Czech prisoners were undermining the Husák government and that Pelikán, in exile in Italia, was attacking his own state.^{[ citation needed ]} According to Solzhenitsyn, in response to concerns virtually Czech prisoners existence "persecuted by the country", Davis had responded that "They deserve what they get. Let them remain in prison house."^[64] Alan Dershowitz, who as well asked Davis to support a number of imprisoned refuseniks in the USSR, said that she declined considering she did non consider them political prisoners.^[65]

Later academic career [edit]

Davis was a lecturer at the Claremont Black Studies Center at the Claremont Colleges in 1975. Attendance at the course she taught was limited to 26 students out of the more than 5,000 on campus, and she was forced to teach in secret because alumni benefactors didn't desire her to indoctrinate the general student population with communist thought.^{[ citation needed ]} College trustees fabricated arrangements to minimize her appearance on campus, limiting her seminars to Friday evenings and Saturdays, "when campus activity is low".^{[ citation needed ]} Her classes moved from one classroom to some other and the students were sworn to secrecy. Much of this secrecy continued throughout Davis's brief time teaching at the colleges.^[66] In 2020 it was announced that Davis would be the Ena H. Thompson Distinguished Lecturer for Pomona Higher'south History Department, welcoming her back afterward 45 years.^[67]

Davis taught a women's studies course at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1978, and was a professor of indigenous studies at the San Francisco State University from at least 1980 to 1984.^[68] She was a professor in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies departments at the Academy of California, Santa Cruz and Rutgers Academy from 1991 to 2008.^[69] Since and then, she has been a distinguished professor emerita.^[lxx]

Davis was a distinguished visiting professor at Syracuse University in jump 1992 and Oct 2010, and was the Randolph Visiting Distinguished Professor of philosophy at Vassar College in 1995.^{[71] [72]}

In 2014, Davis returned to UCLA as a regents' lecturer. She delivered a public lecture on May 8 in Royce Hall, where she had given her get-go lecture 45 years earlier.^[24]

In 2016, Davis was awarded an honorary Dr. of Humane Letters in Healing and Social Justice from the California Found of Integral Studies in San Francisco during its 48th annual starting time ceremony.^[73]

Political activism and speeches [edit]

Davis accepted the Communist Party USA's nomination for vice president, as Gus Hall'south running mate, in 1980 and in 1984. They received less than 0.02% of the vote in 1980.^[74] She left the political party in 1991, founding the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Her group bankrupt from the Communist Political party USA because of the latter's support of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt after the autumn of the Soviet Wedlock and violent downwardly of the Berlin Wall.^[75] Davis said that she and others who had "circulated a petition about the demand for democratization of the structures of governance of the party" were not allowed to run for national office and thus "in a sense ... invited to leave".^[76] In 2014, she said she continues to take a human relationship with the CPUSA but has not rejoined.^[77] In the 2020 presidential election, Davis supported the Autonomous nominee, Joe Biden.^[78]

Davis is a major figure in the prison abolition movement.^[79] She has called the The states prison house system the "prison house–industrial complex"^[80] and was one of the founders of Disquisitional Resistance, a national grassroots organisation dedicated to building a motion to abolish the prison arrangement.^[81] In recent works, she has argued that the US prison organization resembles a new form of slavery, pointing to the disproportionate share of the African-American population who were incarcerated.^[82] Davis advocates focusing social efforts on education and building "engaged communities" to solve various social bug at present handled through land penalty.^[20]

As early equally 1969, Davis began public speaking engagements.^{[ citation needed ]} She expressed her opposition to the Vietnam War, racism, sexism, and the prison–industrial circuitous, and her back up of gay rights and other social justice movements. In 1969, she blamed imperialism for the troubles oppressed populations suffer:

We are facing a common enemy and that enemy is Yankee Imperialism, which is killing u.s.a. both here and abroad. Now I think anyone who would try to separate those struggles, anyone who would say that in order to consolidate an anti-war movement, we have to go out all of these other outlying issues out of the picture, is playing right into the hands of the enemy.^[83]

She has continued lecturing throughout her career, including at numerous universities.^{[84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [ninety]}

In 2001, she publicly spoke against the state of war on terror following the ix/11 attacks, continued to criticize the prison house–industrial complex, and discussed the broken immigration system.^[91] She said that to solve social justice problems, people must "strop their disquisitional skills, develop them and implement them." Later on, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, she alleged that the "horrendous situation in New Orleans" was due to the land's structural racism, capitalism, and imperialism.^[92]

Davis opposed the 1995 Million Man March, arguing that the exclusion of women from this event promoted male chauvinism. She said that Louis Farrakhan and other organizers appeared to prefer that women accept subordinate roles in gild. Together with Kimberlé Crenshaw and others, she formed the African American Agenda 2000, an alliance of black feminists.^[93]

Davis has continued to oppose the decease penalty. In 2003, she lectured at Agnes Scott College, a liberal arts women's college in Atlanta, Georgia, on prison reform, minority problems, and the ills of the criminal justice system.^[94]

On October 31, 2011, Davis spoke at the Philadelphia and Washington Foursquare Occupy Wall Street assemblies. Due to restrictions on electronic distension, her words were human being microphoned.^{[95] [96]} In 2012, Davis was awarded the 2011 Blue Planet Accolade, an honor given for contributions to humanity and the planet.^[97]

At the 27th Empowering Women of Color Briefing in 2012, Davis said she was a vegan.^[98] She has called for the release of Rasmea Odeh, associate managing director at the Arab American Action Network, who was bedevilled of clearing fraud in relation to her hiding of a previous murder conviction.^{[99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104]}

Davis supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions entrada confronting Israel.^[105]

Davis was an honorary co-chair of the January 21, 2017, Women's March on Washington, which occurred the solar day after President Donald Trump's inauguration. The organizers' decision to make her a featured speaker was criticized from the right by Humberto Fontova^[106] and the National Review.^[107] Libertarian journalist Cathy Young wrote that Davis's "long record of back up for political violence in the U.s.a. and the worst of human rights abusers abroad" undermined the march.^[108]

On October xvi, 2018, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, presented Davis with an honorary caste during the inaugural Viola Desmond Legacy Lecture, as part of the establishment's bicentennial commemoration year.^[109]

On January 7, 2019, the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) rescinded Davis's Fred Shuttlesworth Human Rights Honor, saying she "does non meet all of the criteria". Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin and others cited criticism of Davis'south vocal support for Palestinian rights and the movement to cold-shoulder Israel.^{[110] [111]} Davis said her loss of the award was "non primarily an assault against me but rather against the very spirit of the indivisibility of justice."^[112] On January 25, the BCRI reversed its decision and issued a public apology, stating that at that place should take been more than public consultation.^{[113] [114]}

In November 2019, along with other public figures, Davis signed a letter supporting Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle confronting emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic earth", and endorsed him in the 2019 Britain full general election.^[115]

On January 20, 2020, Davis gave the Memorial Keynote Address at the University of Michigan's MLK Symposium.^[116]

Davis was elected as a member of the American University of Arts and Sciences in 2021.^[117]

Personal life [edit]

From 1980 to 1983 Davis was married to Hilton Braithwaite.^{[1] [2]} In 1997, she came out as a lesbian in an interview with Out magazine.^[118] By 2020, Davis was living openly with her partner, the academic Gina Dent,^[119] a fellow humanities scholar and intersectional feminist researcher at UC Santa Cruz.^[120] Together, they have advocated for the abolition of police force and prisons,^[121] and for black liberation and Palestinian solidarity.^{[ citation needed ]}

Representation in other media [edit]

• The first song released in support of Davis was "Angela" (1971), past Italian singer-songwriter and musician Virgilio Savona with his group Quartetto Cetra. He received some bearding threats.^[122]
• In 1972, German vocalizer-songwriter and political activist Franz Josef Degenhardt published the vocal "Angela Davis", opener to his 6th studio album Mutter Mathilde.
• The Rolling Stones song "Sweet Blackness Angel", recorded in 1970 and released on their album Exile on Main Street (1972), is dedicated to Davis. It is one of the band'due south few overtly political releases.^[123] Its lines include: "She's a sweetness black angel, not a gun-toting teacher, not a Ruddy-lovin' schoolmarm / Ain't someone gonna complimentary her, free de sweet black slave, costless de sugariness black slave".^{[124] [125]}
• John Lennon and Yoko Ono released their song "Angela" on the anthology Some Time in New York City (1972) in support of Davis, and a pocket-size photograph of her appears on the album's embrace at the bottom left.^[126]
• The jazz musician Todd Cochran, too known equally Bayete, recorded his song "Free Angela (Thoughts...and all I've got to say)" in 1972.^[127]
• Tribe Records co-founder Phil Ranelin released a song defended to Davis, "Angela'south Dilemma", on Message From the Tribe (1972), a spiritual jazz collectible.^[128]

References in other venues [edit]

On January 28, 1972, Garrett Brock Trapnell hijacked TWA Flight 2. One of his demands was Davis's release.^[129]

In Renato Guttuso's painting The Funerals of Togliatti (1972),^[130] Davis is depicted, amongst other figures of communism, in the left framework, near the author'south self-portrait, Elio Vittorini, and Jean-Paul Sartre.^[131]

In 1971, black playwright Elvie Moore wrote the play Angela is Happening, depicting Davis on trial with figures such equally Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X, and H. Rap Chocolate-brown every bit eyewitnesses proclaiming her innocence.^[132] The play was performed at the Inner City Cultural Centre and at UCLA, with Pat Ballard as Davis.

The documentary Angela Davis: Portrait of a Revolutionary (1972) was directed past UCLA Picture School pupil Yolande du Luart.^{[132] [133]} Information technology follows Davis from 1969 to 1970, documenting her dismissal from UCLA. The film wrapped shooting earlier the Marin County incident.^[133]

In the motion-picture show Network (1976), Marlene Warfield'southward character Laureen Hobbs appears to be modeled on Davis.^[134]

Also in 2018, a cotton T-shirt with Davis'southward face on information technology was featured in Prada'due south 2018 collection.^[135]

A mural featuring Davis was painted by Italian street creative person Jorit Agoch in the Scampia neighborhood of Naples in 2019.

Biopic [edit]

In 2019, Julie Dash, who is credited as the first black female director to have a theatrical release of a flick (Daughters of the Grit) in the United states, announced that she would exist directing a film based on Davis'south life.^[136]

Bibliography [edit]

Books [edit]

• If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Tertiary Press, 1971), ISBN 0-893-88022-1.
• Angela Davis: An Autobiography, Random Business firm (September 1974), ISBN 0-394-48978-0.
• Joan Little: The Dialectics of Rape (New York: Lang Communications, 1975)^[137]
• Women, Race and Class, Random House (1981), ISBN 0-394-71351-6.
• Women, Civilisation & Politics, Vintage (February nineteen, 1990), ISBN 0-679-72487-7.
• The Angela Y. Davis Reader (ed. Joy James), Wiley-Blackwell (December 11, 1998), ISBN 0-631-20361-3.
• Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday, Vintage Books (January 26, 1999), ISBN 0-679-77126-iii.
• Are Prisons Obsolete?, 7 Stories Printing (April 2003), ISBN 1-58322-581-i.
• Abolition Republic: Beyond Prisons, Torture, and Empire, Seven Stories Press (Oct one, 2005), ISBN 1-58322-695-8.
• The Significant of Freedom: And Other Difficult Dialogues (City Lights, 2012), ISBN 978-0872865808.
• Freedom Is a Abiding Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement, Haymarket Books (2015), ISBN 978-1-60846-564-4.
• Herbert Marcuse, Philosopher of Utopia: A Graphic Biography (foreword, City Lights, 2019), ISBN 9780872867857.

Interviews and appearances [edit]

• 1971
  • An Interview with Angela Davis. Cassette. Radio Free People, New York, 1971.
  • Myerson, Thou. "Angela Davis in Prison". Ramparts, March 1971: 20–21.
  • Seigner, Art. Angela Davis: Soul and Soledad. Phonodisc. Flight Dutchman, New York, 1971.
  • Walker, Joe. Angela Davis Speaks. Phonodisc. Folkways Records, New York, 1971.^[138]
• 1972–1985
  • "Black Journal; 67; Interview with Angela Davis," 1972-06-20, WNET. Angela Davis makes her first national idiot box appearance in an exclusive interview with host Tony Brown, following her recent acquittal of charges related to the San Rafael courtroom shootout.^[139]
  • "Angela Davis Talks virtually her Futurity and her Freedom". Jet, July 27, 1972: 54–57.
  • Davis, Angela Y. I Am a Black Revolutionary Woman (1971). Phonodisc. Folkways, New York, 1977.
  • Phillips, Esther. Angela Davis Interviews Esther Phillips. Cassette. Pacifica Tape Library, Los Angeles, 1977.
  • Cudjoe, Selwyn. In Conversation with Angela Davis. Videocassette. ETV Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1985. 21-minute interview.
• 1992–1997
  • Davis, Angela Y. "Women on the Move: Travel Themes in Ma Rainey's Dejection" in Borders/diasporas. Sound Recording. University of California, Santa Cruz: Center for Cultural Studies, Santa Cruz, 1992.
  • Davis, Angela Y. Black Is... Black Own't. Documentary film. Independent Television Service (ITVS), 1994.
  • Interview Angela Davis (Public Broadcasting Service, Leap 1997)^[140]
• 2000–2002
  • Davis, Angela Y. The Prison Industrial Complex and its Affect on Communities of Color. Videocassette. Academy of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 2000.
  • Barsamian, D. "Angela Davis: African American Activist on Prison-Industrial Complex". Progressive 65.two (2001): 33–38.
  • "September 11 America: an Interview with Angela Davis". Policing the National Trunk: Sex, Race, and Criminalization. Cambridge, Ma.: South End Press, 2002.
• 2011–2016
  • The Black Power Mixtape 1967–1975, documentary film prominently featuring Davis in a number of rarely seen Swedish interviews, released 2011.^[141]
  • "Activist Professor Angela Davis" episode of Woman's Hour, BBC Radio iv, Dec 3, 2014.^[142]
  • Criminal Queers, a fictional DIY film examining the relationship between the LGBT community and the criminal justice organization, released 2015.^{[143] [144]}
  • 13th, documentary file about the 13th Amendment and history of the civil rights motion, released 2016.

Archives [edit]

• The National United Commission to Free Angela Davis collection is at the Primary Library at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (A collection of thousands of letters received by the Committee and Davis from people in the US and other countries.) ^[145]
• The complete transcript of her trial, including all appeals and legal memoranda, has been preserved in the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Library in Berkeley, California.^{[146] [147]}
• Davis's papers are archived at the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Written report in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[148]
• Records including correspondence, statements, clippings and other documents virtually Davis's dismissal from the University of California, Los Angeles due to her political amalgamation with the Communist Party are archived at UCLA.^[132]

See too [edit]

• Africana philosophy
• Marxist feminism

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right". People. July 21, 1980. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Angela Davis Now". Los Angeles Times. March viii, 1989. Retrieved January vi, 2015.
3. ^ "The Real Stain on Angela Davis' Legacy Is Her Support for Tyranny". The Bulwark. January 23, 2019.
4. ^ "Davis, Angela". National Women's Hall of Fame.
5. ^ Kendi, Ibram Ten. "100 Women of the Year". Fourth dimension . Retrieved June 2, 2020.
6. ^ "Angela Davis: The 100 Most Influential People of 2020". Time . Retrieved September 23, 2020.
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8. ^ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Rocks". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN0-7178-0667-vii.
9. ^ Aptheker, Bettina (1999). The Morning time Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis (2nd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell Academy Press. ISBN0801485975.
10. ^ Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Bhavnani; Davis, Angela (Spring 1989). "Complexity, Activism, Optimism: An Interview with Angela Y. Davis". Feminist Review (31): 66–81. doi:10.2307/1395091. JSTOR 1395091.
11. ^ "The Radicalization of Angela Davis," Ebony, July 1971: north.p., Mag.
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14. ^ ^{a b c d e} Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Waters". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN0-7178-0667-7.
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65. ^ Dershowitz, Alan M. (1991). Chutzpah. Simon and Schuster. pp. 81–82. ISBN0671760890 . Retrieved January 10, 2019. Several days later, I received a call back from Ms Davis' secretarial assistant informing me that Davis had looked into the people on my list and none were political prisoners. "They are all Zionist fascists and opponents of socialism." Davis would urge that they exist kept in prison where they belonged.
66. ^ Holles, Everett R. (November 16, 1975). "Angela Davis Chore Debated on Coast". The New York Times . Retrieved February 18, 2020.
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68. ^ Brooke, James (July 29, 1984). "Other Women Seeking Number 2 Spot Speak Out". The New York Times . Retrieved April 26, 2011.
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72. ^ "Scholar, activist Angela Davis to give free lecture October. 12". Syracuse Academy. October 1, 2010. Retrieved Apr iii, 2012.
73. ^ Ford, Olivia (May thirteen, 2016). "2016 Honorary Doctorate: Angela Y. Davis at 1 with Communities of Struggle". CIIS News and Events. California Plant of Integral Studies.
74. ^ Goodman, Walter, "Hall, at 74, still seeks Presidency", New York Times, November 2, 1984.
75. ^ Lind, Amy; Stephanie Brzuzy (2008). Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality. Vol. one. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 406. ISBN978-0-313-34038-3 . Retrieved February 24, 2012.
76. ^ "Angela Davis interviewed by Julian Bond: Explorations in Black Leadership Series". YouTube. University of Virginia. July 21, 2009. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
77. ^ Morrison, Patt (May half dozen, 2014). "Angela Y. Davis on what'south radical in the 21st century". Los Angeles Times.
78. ^ Telusma, Blue (July 14, 2020). "Angela Davis backs Biden considering he 'tin can be most effectively pressured' by the left". TheGrio . Retrieved Oct ten, 2020.
79. ^ Kelly, Kim (December 26, 2019). "What the Prison-Abolition Movement Wants". Teen Faddy . Retrieved April 24, 2020.
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81. ^ "Freedom Struggle: Angela Davis on Calls to Defund Law, Racism & Capitalism, and the 2020 Ballot". Democracy At present! . Retrieved October ii, 2020.
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133. ^ ^{a b} Thompson, Howard (January 14, 1972). "Portrait of Miss Davis, Revolutionary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
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142. ^ "Activist Professor Angela Davis", Adult female'due south 60 minutes, BBC Radio iv, Dec iii, 2014.
143. ^ "Criminal Queers Screening & Conversation - Henry Art Gallery". henryart.org.
144. ^ "The Filmmakers Backside 'Criminal Queers' Explain Why "Queer Liberation is Prison Abolition"". In These Times.
145. ^ National United Commission to Free Angela Davis (1970–72). "National United Committee to Free Angela Davis records, circa 1970–1972". searchworks.stanford.edu . Retrieved March 2, 2017.
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148. ^ Hong, Sarah J. (February 14, 2018). "Angela Davis Donates Papers to Schlesinger Library". radcliffe.harvard.edu. Radcliffe Establish for Avant-garde Study. Retrieved February 27, 2018.

Further reading [edit]

Popular media

• "Interview with Angela Davis". Frontline. PBS.
• Davis, Angela (Guest). "Resisting the Prison Industrial Circuitous". Commonwealth Now. Round table discussion.
• "Attacking the Prison house Industrial Complex". Time. 1998. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Conversation-room users' interview with Davis.
• "Angela Davis". Harvard Gazette. March 13, 2003. Archived from the original on December 23, 2005. Retrieved Dec thirteen, 2005.
• "Practical Activism Briefing in Santa Cruz". indybay.org. October 27, 2007. . Audio recording of Davis.
• Younge, Gary (Nov 8, 2007). "We used to think there was a black customs". Guardian. Interview.
• "Angela Davis on the 40th Anniversary of Her Arrest and President Obama'south Showtime Two Years". Democracy Now!. October 19, 2010. Video interview.
• "Interview with Angela Davis". C-Span. In Depth. October three, 2004.
• Roberts, Steven Five., "Angela Davis: The Making Of a Radical", New York Times, Baronial 23, 1970.

Books

• Davis, Mike; Wiener, Jon (2020). Fix the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties. New York: Verso Books.

Primary Sources

• Donald Kalish papers, Box 4 and Box 7. UCLA Library Special Collections.

External links [edit]

• Angela Davis at AllMovie
• "Davis quotations". Black History Daily.
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Angela Davis at IMDb
• "Angela Davis Biography, The Ceremonious Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany". aacvr-germany.org. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
• "Angela Davis". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on March thirteen, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
• "Angela Davis Ephemera Collection, West.S. Hoole Special Collections Library". University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
• "Film prune, Davis speaking at Florida A&M University'south Blackness History Month convocation". Florida Retention. 1979.
• The New York Times archive of Davis-related articles, nytimes.com;
• Angela Y. Davis Papers, 1937-2017 MC 940. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
• Angela Y. Davis Collection of the Schlesinger Library A/D260. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Party political offices
Preceded by Jarvis Tyner	Communist Party U.s.a. Vice Presidential candidate 1980 (lost), 1984 (lost)	Succeeded past —

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis

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